Beneficios para cubanos por pies secos, pies mojados

Beneficios para cubanos por pies secos, pies mojados Por decisià ³n del gobierno de los Estados Unidos, la polà ­tica de pies secos pies mojados ha dejado de tener validez. Por lo tanto, los beneficios que aquà ­ se enumeran sà ³lo aplican a los que se beneficiaron de esa polà ­tica antes de que el presidente Obama le pusiera fin. En otras palabras, a los que ya ingresaron a Estados Unidos bajo esa polà ­tica. Cà ³mo est ahora pies secos pies mojados Pies secos pies mojados ha dejado de aplicarse. Sin embargo, los cubanos que ingresaron a Estados Unidos en aplicacià ³n de esta polà ­tica y que todavà ­a no han adquirido la tarjeta de residencia mediante un ajuste de estatus en aplicacià ³n de la Ley de Ajuste Cubano podrn seguir los trmites y tener beneficios que se aplicaban mientras pies secos pies mojados estaba en activo. Los  beneficios son monetarios, sociales y mà ©dicos si cumplen los mismos requisitos que se les piden a los ciudadanos estadounidenses. Los cubanos eran el à ºnico grupo de migrantes que cuentan con un conjunto de beneficios que sà ³lo aplican a ellos. Esto es asà ­ por la Ley de Ajuste Cubano, aprobada en la dà ©cada de los 60, y sus posteriores modificaciones, en particular la conocida como pies secos, pies mojados, que fue aprobada el 19 de agosto de 1994 y que ha dejado de aplicarse el 12 de enero de 2017. Segà ºn pies secos, pies mojados, se podà ­an  quedar en Estados Unidos los cubanos que logren pisar tierra estadounidense y eran regresados a Cuba o enviados a un tercer paà ­s los que son interceptados en el mar. En los à ºltimos aà ±os esa polà ­tica ha derivado en que la mayorà ­a de las entradas a EEUU se realizaban  a travà ©s de la frontera con Mà ©xico, es lo que se conoce como pies con polvo, en referencia al desierto. En general, cuando un cubano llegaba a tierra o se presentaba en la frontera estadounidense sin la documentacià ³n migratoria necesaria no era devuelto por donde ha venido, como le ocurre al resto de los extranjeros, excepto los que piden con fundamento que se les conceda asilo. Los cubanos eran  entrevistados, se comprobaba la autenticidad de sus documentos, se analizaba su acento y se verificaba si han cometido algà ºn delito. Si acreditaban a satisfaccià ³n del oficial de Inmigracià ³n que eran cubanos con un pasado no criminal se le concedà ­a prcticamente siempre el derecho a entrar en EEUU en lo que se conoce como parole. Un aà ±o y un dà ­a ms tarde podrn solicitar la green card, es decir, la tarjeta de residente permanente en aplicacià ³n de la Ley de Ajuste Cubano. Casos de doble nacionalidad y consecuencias para peticià ³n de beneficios Los cubanos que tenà ­an  doble nacionalidad Cuba/otro paà ­s tenà ­an que prestar atencià ³n a quà © nacionalidad se consignaba en los papeles ya que si es la no cubana podà ­an surgir problemas a la hora de solicitar beneficios mà ©dicos y sociales a los que sà ³lo tenà ­an derecho los migrantes cubanos. Beneficios por pies secos pies mojados En general las leyes migratorias de los Estados Unidos ponen importantes restricciones a los nuevos migrantes para acceder a beneficios sociales y mà ©dicos, llegando a prohibir recibir ayudas por un determinado nà ºmero de aà ±os. Esto aplica para los beneficios federales y tambià ©n estatales, aunque en este à ºltimo caso hay diferencias entre los estados. Esas limitaciones no aplicaban  a los cubanos recià ©n llegados, quienes podrn gozar de los siguientes beneficios siempre y cuando cumplan una serie de requisitos, que son los mismos que se le piden a los ciudadanos estadounidenses.   Ingresos de seguridad complementaria (SSI, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) Este es un programa del gobierno federal para dotar con dinero a personas necesitadas para que puedan hacer frente a pagos para necesidades bsicas, como comida, vivienda, o ropa. Para poder colectar el SSI (informacià ³n en inglà ©s) es preciso cumplir con ciertos requisitos de edad, incapacidad que son fijados por la ley y, al mismo tiempo, tener ingresos o recursos inferiores a una cantidad tambià ©n fijada legalmente. Por ejemplo, pueden ser beneficiarios las personas de 65 aà ±os o mayores, los ciegos, las personas mayores de 18 que tienen una minusvalà ­a o enfermedad fà ­sica o mental que les impida ganarse la vida o que haya durado o pueda durar ms de 12 meses. Tambià ©n se puede solicitar el SSI para los menores de 18 aà ±os con una minusvalà ­a fà ­sica o mental que limite severamente su funcionalidad. Se aplica por este beneficio a la Administracià ³n de la Seguridad Social. La cantidad mxima que se puede cobrar mensualmente la fija cada aà ±o el Congreso, para el aà ±o fiscal 2012 est establecida en $698 para una persona o $1,048 para el caso de parejas. La cantidad puede ser menor, dependiendo de las circunstancias personales de cada uno, como puede ser tener ingresos adicionales, tener donde vivir, etc. Este beneficio puede recibirse por siete aà ±os, a contar desde el momento de entrada. Aunque en los aà ±os fiscales 2009-2010-2011 estuvo aplicado a nueve aà ±os. Una vez transcurrido ese periodo de tiempo, no se podr colectar ms el SSI, excepto si el beneficiario se ha convertido en ciudadano o si ya se cobraba con anterioridad al 22 de agosto de 1996. En la mayorà ­a de los estados, calificar para recibir pagos en concepto de SSI da derecho automticamente a beneficiarse de Medicaid. Asistencia Temporal para Familias Necesitadas (TANF, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) Las familias con hijos menores de 18 aà ±os con escasos recursos pueden recibir ayuda econà ³mica mediante este programa por un plazo mximo de 60 meses. Los pagos pueden ser continuos o discontinuos, segà ºn vayan cambiando las circunstancias econà ³micas de cada familia. Este es un programa que administran cada uno de los estados. Como consecuencia la cantidad a recibir en cada uno puede variar grandemente. Pero en ningà ºn caso es una cantidad alta. Asimismo, dependiendo del estado, las personas que reciben dinero por TANF (informacià ³n en inglà ©s), pueden beneficiarse de Medicaid. Lo que no es posible es que una misma persona colecte al mismo tiempo pagos por TANF y por SSI. Asistencia para refugiados Los cubanos que entran en Estados Unidos en aplicacià ³n de la polà ­tica de pies secos, pies mojados y que carezcan de ingresos o recursos pero no pueden solicitar ayuda de TANF o SSI porque no cumplen alguno de los requisitos pueden beneficiarse de los programas de Asistencia en dinero en efectivo para refugiados (RCA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) o el de Asistencia mà ©dica para refugiados (RMA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Por ejemplo, este programa aplica a los adultos solteros o a las parejas sin hijos y menores de 65 aà ±os que no sufren de ninguna minusvalà ­a pero carecen de medios para pagar por sus necesidades bsicas. El programa RCA es administrado por los estados por lo que la cantidad a recibir mensualmente por los beneficiados puede variar mucho. El importe que se entrega puede ser en dinero o en la forma de pago de facturas de electricidad, renta de la vivienda o calefaccià ³n o similares. En cuanto al RMA, es tambià ©n un programa gestionado a nivel estatal. Como regla general los beneficios son similares a los de Medicaid en ese mismo estado. Tanto el RCA como el RMA se pueden colectar, si se califica para ser beneficiario, por un mximo de ocho meses. Cuotas migratorias Despuà ©s de un aà ±o y un dà ­a de presencia en Estados Unidos se aplica para la tarjeta de residencia. Si en ese momento se est pasando por una situacià ³n de necesidad econà ³mica podrà ­a ser posible calificar para no pagar por ese trmite migratorio A tener en cuenta Estos beneficios no aplican a todos los cubanos que entran a EEUU. Por ejemplo, no califican los que vienen con el patrocinio de un familiar ciudadano. Tampoco a los cubanos que llegan a Estados Unidos con otro pasaporte, como por ejemplo el espaà ±ol o el italiano, a menos que consigan un cambio de calificacià ³n en sus papeles. Seguirn aplicando a los cubanos que ingresaron por pies secos pies mojados en los à ºltimos tiempos y todavà ­a no han cumplido el aà ±o y un dà ­a para ajustar su estatus. A tener en cuenta Cuando hay cambios migratorios, como en en este caso en que se puso fin a pies secos pies mojados, es imperativo desconfiar de aquellas personas que prometen arreglar papeles, que aseguran conocer a alguien en el sistema, etc. Ms que nunca hay que asesorarse con una organizacià ³n de asistencia a migrantes o con abogados migratorios reputados. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.

Geodetic Datum - WGS 84 - NAD 83 - GPS

Geodetic Datum - WGS 84 - NAD 83 - GPS A geodetic datum is a tool used to define the shape and size of the earth, as well as the reference point for the various coordinate systems used in mapping the earth. Throughout time, hundreds of different datums have been used - each one changing with the earth views of the times. True geodetic datums, however, are only those which appeared after the 1700s. Prior to that, the earths ellipsoidal shape was not always taken into consideration, as many still believed it was flat. Since most datums today are used for measuring and showing large portions of the earth, an ellipsoidal model is essential. The Vertical and Horizontal Datums Today, there are hundreds of different datums in use; but, they are all either horizontal or vertical in their orientation. The horizontal datum is the one that is used in measuring a specific position on the earths surface in coordinate systems such as latitude and longitude. Because of the different local datums (i.e. those having different reference points), the same position can have many different geographic coordinates so it is important to know which datum the reference is in. The vertical datum measures the elevations of specific points on the earth. This data is gathered via tides with sea level measurements, geodetic surveying with different ellipsoid models used with the horizontal datum, and gravity, measured with the geoid. The data is then depicted on maps as some height above sea level. For reference, the geoid is a mathematical model of the earth measured with gravity that corresponds with the mean ocean surface level on the earth- such as if the water were extended over the land. Because the surface is highly irregular, however, there are different local geoids that are used to get the most accurate mathematical model possible for use in measuring vertical distances. Commonly Used Datums As previously mentioned, there are many datums in use around the world today. Some of the most commonly used datums are those of the World Geodetic System, the North American Datums, those of the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain, and the European Datum; however, this is by no means an exhaustive list. Within the World Geodetic System (WGS), there are several different datums that have been in use throughout the years. These are WGS 84, 72, 70, and 60. The WGS 84 is currently the one in use for this system and is valid until 2010. In addition, it is one of the most widely used datums around the world. In the 1980s, the United States Department of Defense used the Geodetic Reference System, 1980 (GRS 80) and Doppler satellite images to create a new, more accurate world geodetic system. This became what is known today as WGS 84. In terms of reference, WGS 84 uses what is called the zero meridian but because of the new measurements, it shifted 100 meters (0.062 miles) from the previously used Prime Meridian. Similar to WGS 84 is the North American Datum 1983 (NAD 83). This is the official horizontal datum for use in the North and Central American geodetic networks. Like WGS 84, it is based on the GRS 80 ellipsoid so the two have very similar measurements. NAD 83 was also developed using satellite and remote sensing imagery and is the default datum on most GPS units today. Prior to NAD 83 was NAD 27, a horizontal datum constructed in 1927 based on the Clarke 1866 ellipsoid. Though NAD 27 was in use for many years and still appears on the  United States topographic maps, it was based on a series of approximations with the geodetic center being based at Meades Ranch, Kansas. This point was chosen because it is near the geographic center of the contiguous United States. Also similar to WGS 84 is the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain 1936 (OSGB36) as the latitude and longitude positions of points are the same in both datums. However, it is based on the Airy 1830 ellipsoid as it shows Great Britain, its primary user, the most accurately. The European Datum 1950 (ED50) is the datum used for showing much of Western Europe and was developed after World War II when a reliable system of mapping borders was needed. It was based on the International Ellipsoid but changed when GRS80 and WGS84 were put into use. Today ED50s latitude and longitude lines are similar to WGS84 but the lines do become farther apart on ED50 when moving toward Eastern Europe. When working with these or other map datums, it is important to always be aware of which datum a particular map is referenced in because often there are large differences in terms of distance between place to place on each different datum. This datum shift can then cause problems in terms of navigation and/or in trying to locate a specific place or object as a user of the wrong datum can sometimes be hundreds of meters from their desired position. Whichever datum is used, however, they represent a powerful geographic tool but are most important in cartography, geology, navigation, surveying, and sometimes even astronomy. In fact, geodesy (the study of measurement and Earth representation) has become its own subject within the field of earth sciences.

The Rules Governing the Insanity Defence in Order to Determine When a Essay

The Rules Governing the Insanity Defence in Order to Determine When a Person Should Not Be Criminally Liable - Essay Example The Rules Governing the Insanity Defence in Order to Determine When a Person Should Not Be Criminally Liable The court found him insane whom in an assassination attempt to Robert Peel the British Prime Minister, mistakenly killed his secretary. This led to the formation of strictures whereby it was avowed that a defendant was required to have a mental condition or illness and even retardation that was required to be severe to an extent that the defendant had no insight as to the quality and nature of the act committed without the knowledge that the act was wrong. English law has reviewed the concept of insanity defense and is an area rich in evidence especially with reference to decided cases evaluating this defense. In this regard, this paper will critically analyze the insanity defense according to English law. Changes that have been made to the insanity defense will also be delineated and the paper will conclude with an assertion if insanity defense still exists. To begin with, the English law stipulates that prior to passing judgment on an individual; the court has the responsibility of fulfilling two major components. Firstly, the court needs to prove actus reus which delineates that the defendant engaged in the conduct that was illegal as it was against the requirements of the law. Secondly, the court needs to prove mens rea illustrating the criminal intent in the act committed by the defendant. This is diversified in different courts as pertains to sanctions imposed. This shows that will is inculcated in criminal law illustrating responsibility of the defendant for his own behavior. However, the insanity doctrine precludes individuals from being responsible of their acts if they suffer from a mental illness that greatly hampers their ability to make concrete decisions (cognitive ability) or capacity to control behavior (volitional abilities) to an extent that their will becomes compromised.2 Insanity in English law is viewed from three ma in aspects. The first aspect entails insanity prior to the trial where despite the offender being in custody, he is insane. The English law requires that the Home Secretary detains the insane defendant immediately and receives a confirmation of insanity from two psychiatric doctors as pertains to the mental status of the defendant. The second clause of insanity is inculcated in unfitness of the defendant to plead following the defendant presenting with any of the six considerations stipulated under3. One consideration is the inability of the defendant too understand the charges, also inability to plead guilty or not and inability to challenge jurors. Consequently, inability to instruct counsel and instruct solicitors is also considered. Moreover, the inability of the defendant to follow proceedings and to give evidence in his defense is also reviewed.4 See R v Pritchard5and M (John)6. Following an assertion that the defendant is unable to plead, a second jury is usually set up deter mining if the defendant is guilty of actus reus. However, if the jury is convinced that the defendant is not liable for actus reus the defendant is acquitted. This cannot therefore lead to criminal conviction and hence the defense illuminating diminished responsibility is not viable as was the ruling in the case of Pierre Harrison ANTOINE v The United Kingdom7. The third aspect that inculcates insanity is insanity as the time of the offense. The major case that is used in this third aspect is the

Canadian Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Canadian Identity - Essay Example The first step toward solving the problem will be recognizing the identity issue as a national problem. The government and the Canadians should then search for a common solution to the problem. In this paper, I will analyse the issue of Canadian identity from both perspectives. Regionalism is a dominant factor in Canadian social and political framework. As a political ideology, the Canadian regionalism is based on the dominance of one region over the others in national affairs. Regionalism is the main factor that has prevented Canadians from realizing their national identity (Charles 67). Firstly, regionalism has introduced divisions among Canadian citizens. It would be difficult to realize or define a true national identity on a country that is divided between social classes and generation gap. Canadian identity exists and it is responsible for our national prosperity that is based on our regionalism. Canada is divided into six basic regions that are based on geographical and social economic factors in the country. Regionalism is vital for Canadian identity. Regionalism provides a basis for national unity, which is instrumental in defining Canadian identity. ... However, Canada has been experiencing increasing numbers of immigrants from other countries (Charles 67). The existence of people from different cultures has made it impossible to define Canadian culture. Culture is a significant in defining the identity of a country. Thus, Canadians lack a common culture that they can identify themselves with or that associate them with the country. Currently Canada has become the leading country in social diversity. The country is home for people from all over the world including the Americans. As Canadian, we are a multicultural society that is not divided along ethnicity or any racial structures. The intercultural cohesion that exists among Canadians defines them as Canada citizens and people of the modern world (Mathews 98). Lack of a dominant culture or social group in the Canadian society promote national unity and freedom that defines the life of the Canadians and hence their national identity. Canada has a widening generation gap that adds c ontroversy to the issue of the Canadian identity. Since the arrival of the European immigrants, Canadians have been loosening their attachment with their European origin. There has been a continuously increasing variation in societal values across different generations. The association of Canadian citizens with their European countries of origin has been reducing constantly. The first generation of immigrants is completely different from the current generation of Canadian citizens. This trend is increasing constantly resulting into a wide generation gap. This factor is responsible for the lost Canadian identity. For instance how can we define where we are going if we do not acknowledge where we came from. It is a fact that Canadians originated from Europe and

Failure In An Air Compressor Engineering Essay

Failure In An Air Compressor Engineering Essay Abstract In this project, the mission which needs to be accomplished is to investigate the relentless root cause of such failure and to give useful recommendations which can help to avoid such failures in the reciprocating compressor under study in the future. An engine driven auxiliary air compressor failed, the air compressor is located in the Hawke workshop. The first stage will be to establish details about the compressor, the manufacturer and how the compressor works. Classification of compressors and types will be also discussed and of course the theory of operation. Collecting components failed in order to be examined subsequently for the failure cause or causes this will be held using a variety of methods. NDE (non-distractive examination) or NDT (non-destructive testing) is valuable way to use for preliminary inspection of the failed parts without damaging it. Discussion of the probable causes for the failure well be performed in the following chapters as well as the conclusion obtained from study conducted. Introduction This project will investigate and analysis a failure happened in an air compressor. This investigation will be done in several ways to figure out the cause of the failure. Air compressor is a machine has the ability to compress the air and release it to convert the electrical power to kinetic energy to use it in several industrials and usages. Air compressor is consisting of many components. These components are electrical motor, pistons, air pump, air receiver, air drier, filters, air pressure regulator and pressure switch. All of these components will be discussed in details in the next chapters. There are also types of air compressor will be discussed later. Background The case which had here is a failure in an air compressor. From the first sight on the damage happened in it, it seems to be that the failure happened in the connecting rod and its obvious from the below figure number 1. This figure shows that the failure happened in the connecting rod from the ring part which connected to a crank shaft. But the reason for this failure is unknown as there are several scenarios could be adopted. The first scenario is the fatigue is the reason for this failure. The second scenario is a very heavy pressure loaded to the compressor which led to that failure. These are the most expected scenarios which will be investigated later in this project to figure out the reason of the failure. C:UsersAzizDocumentsreportsgreenwichMOHAMMADAir_CompIMG_0471.JPG Figure 1: Failure of compressor connecting rod Amis and objectives Aims: The main aim of this graduation project is to investigate and discover the cause or the causes of failure of diesel engine driven auxiliary reciprocating air compressor made by Knorr-Bremse, model number is LP 4865. This will be achieved by carrying out the below objectives, once its achieved, the main aim of the project will be achieved. Project objectives: Collecting valuable information about, model number is LP 4, this will include: design of compressor, design of each part, construction materials of each part, operation principles, working theory, production range..etc. collecting data will help to recognize main failure cause, and accordingly to prepare new procedure to eliminate the problem, to decrease the opportunity of failure occurrence in the future, use greater safety factor and to recognize the person or the entity responsible for failure and to make mistake proofing for future avoidance of the failure. Collecting this background information is not limited to numbers only but it is should be extended to everything such as pictures, charts and graphs and samples. Investigating operational parameters, history of operation, nature of operation..etc in order to be able to determine precisely the root cause of such failure and which failure mode it follows. Physical investigation or macroscopic inspection should be carried out. This mission includes photo capturing, code of the product, model number, lot number, batch number and serial number. Perform compressor disassembly in order to dismantle each component, part, assemblies and sub-assemblies to perform through investigation and inspection of each. Its should be mentioned that necessary tests and analyses should be performed; mainly the manufacturer usually has his own procedures and tests for test and inspection. Air Compressor What is the air compressor? Air compressor is a machine that converts electric power to kinetic energy (motion). This energy comes from pressurizing and compressing air. After that, the compressed air goes into a chamber, and the air kept in the chamber by unidirectional valve. There are many types of compressors these types are: reciprocating compressor, rotary screw compressor and centrifugal compressor. These types will be explained in details below. Reciprocating compressor: Reciprocating air compressor is positive displacement compressor. This compressor sucks a volume of air and presses it with high pressure. This pressure done by using a piston and cylinder as movement part and displacement part. The compressor could be single acting or double acting according to its accomplish by using one side or both side. When the pressure difference between the cylinder and the receiver became proper, the valves open. Inlet valves open when the pressure in the cylinder is slightly below the intake pressure. Discharge valves open when the pressure in the cylinder is slightly above the discharge pressure. The compressor could be a single stage when the compression process done parallel. Rotary screw compressor: Also Rotary air compressor is a positive displacement compressor. Single stage helical or spiral lobe oil flooded screw is the most common in rotary air compressor. This compressor is consisting of 2 rotors located in a case where the air is compressed internally without any valves. The cooling for these compressors done by oil. As the cooling for the working parts happened inside the compressor, this type of compressor will not experience over heat due to operation, so it could operate without stop. Due to the simple design of the rotary screw compressor and its parts it can be maintained easily and installed any where could handle its static weight. The 2 stages rotary air compressor uses 2 rotors with a combined air end. This 2 rotors installed in series to share the compression. This raise up the efficiency with 50%. This 2 stage rotary compressor combined the maximum profit from the rotary screw with its simplicity and flexibility and the reciprocating compressor with its effect ive energy when it works 2 stages with double acting. The 2 stages of this compressor could be cooled by water, air or oil. The cooling system for this compressor could be oil, air and water. Centrifugal compressor: The centrifugal air compressor is a dynamic compressor that depends on transfer of energy from a rotating impeller to the air. This done by changing the airs momentum and pressure. By slowing the air in stationary diffuser the momentum converted to pressure. This compressor is oil free compressor. There is a separation between the lubricated oil and air by shaft seals and atmospheric vents. Where the high volume of dry air is required a centrifugal compressor is the proper compressor as it has a few moving parts and could operate continuously. The reciprocating air compressor (knorr-bremse, model lp 4865) The main study object in this project as said before is to study the reciprocating air compressor (knorr-bremse lp 4865). By searching the internet and try to get information about the air compressor which needed to complete this study but unfortunately the required information couldnt be found. So the general information about the reciprocating air compressor will be mentioned instead of the specific air compressor. There are 9 main parts for the reciprocating air compressor these parts are: Crank case: Crank case is a close rigid body where the crank shaft and the bearing house where located. This body could by rectangular or square shape. Mainly crank case formed by using cast iron. Crank Shaft: Crank shaft in one of the most important parts in air compressor. It is a motion transferor. It designed as one piece has balance in its dynamics and tries to avoid any twisting. To ensure a long life for bearings, the polishing and crank pin will be done. Generally crank shafts have a fly wheel. This crank shaft manufactured mainly of high grade S.G iron. Connecting rod: This part is responsible of transfer the motion from the crank shaft to the piston and changing the direction from the rotating motion come from the crank shaft into reciprocating motion in piston. This part is mainly forged of alloy steel. Bearings: Bearings are made to provide the rotating gear with rigidity. Its mainly manufactured of copper lead alloy. Cross slide: to get a perfect running for cross head, this part is responsible for reduce the inertia. This part is commonly manufactured of high grade S.G. iron. Cylinder: This part is where the air flow passes and compressed. Cylinders are manufactured with water jacket to reduce the generated heat from the compression process. This cylinder mainly made of cast iron. Pistons: Piston is the main part in the compression process, which move forward to compress the air and backward to intake a new air amount to compress. There are 2 types of piston according to its lubrication system, the first type is non-lubricated which made from aluminium alloy, and the second type which is lubricated is made from cast iron. Due to moving of piston in the cylinder, so there must a space exist between them, to ensure there is no leak happened for air a piston rings located on piston. Piston rod: Piston rod is this rod which connects the piston to the connecting rod. The piston rod is manufactured of alloy steel. Intake and discharge valves: These valves are responsible for the amount of air sucked or discharged. When the piston in the retraction position the suction valve open to allow the air to get in. when the piston move forward and reach the maximum pressure the discharge valve open. These 2 valves are adjusted to be opened and closed according to the pressure difference between inside the cylinder and the outside. These valves are made from stainless steel even a plate type or spring type. Problem Analysis The first problem in this study is that damage which happened in the connecting rod from ring which connected with crack shaft. As said in the background, there are 2 scenarios leads to this damage. The first scenario is a fatigue accrues in the connecting rod with lead to this damage as it couldnt stand the motion and the pressure any more. The second scenario is an excessive pressure more than the maximum pressure which could be hold by the compressor. At the same time a malfunction in the discharge happened, and this could be taken in consider as it must opened at slightly below the maximum pressure. In both scenarios, the damage in the connecting rod lead to another greater damage in the piston and the cylinder, as the piston start to move in non-liner motion and hitting the cylinder wall. This leads to a serious damage in the compressors piston and cylinder. The second problem is gathering the information about the air compressor Knorr-Bremse Lp 4865. This problem happened as the manufactured company keep the information about this compressor not listed and its material and properties to figure out the reason of the damage, maybe by knowing its maximum pressure or material type to check the fatigue on it. Problem Solution To overcome the second problem a deeply internet search is made with trying to contact with the manufactured company through their website www.knorr-bremse.com, but with no result. So another technique implemented, which is gathering common information about reciprocating air compressor and its common parts and materials. This could be useful but not accoutre.

Uma Sekaran’s Chapter 2 Review

The chapter 2 of Research Methods of Business by Uma Sekaran speaks of scientific investigation detailing on the eight hallmarks of science and the limitations of scientific research in management along with the hypothetico-deductive method of research. The hallmarks or main distinguishing characteristics of scientific research can be the following 1. Purposiveness: The research should have a purposive focus i. e. some definite purpose will be served after the research 2. Rigor: Rigor means carefulness, scrupulousness and the degree of exactitude in research investigations good theoretical base and a sound methodological design will add rigor to a purposive study. 3. Testability: if a certain hypothesis gets developed through unstructured interview or library search, then the hypothesis can be tested by applying certain statistical tests to the data collected for the purpose.. 4. Replicability: The results of the test of hypotheses should be supported again and again when same type of research is repeated in other similar circumstances. The researchers will gain confidence in the scientific nature of the research. 5. Precision and confidence: Precision refers to closeness of the findings to â€Å"reality† based on a sample. It reflects the degree of accuracy or exactitude of the results on the basis of the sample to what it really exists in the universe. Confidence refers to the probability that the estimations are correct. 6. Objectivity: The conclusions drawn through the interpretation of the results of data analysis should be objective i. e. they should be based on facts of the findings of the actual data. The more objective the interpretation of data , the more scientific the research investigation becomes. 7. Generalizability: This refers to the scope of applicability of the research findings in one organizational setting to other settings. The wider the range of applicability of the solutions generated by research, the ore useful the research is to the users. 8. Parsimony: Simplicity in explaining the phenomenon or the problem that occur and in generating solutions for the problems is always preferred to complex research frameworks. In the management and behavioral areas , it is not possible to conduct investigations that are 100% scientific because of measurement and collection of data in the subjective areas like feelings, emotions, attitudes and perceptions. These problems occur whenever one tries to quantify human behavior. Thus , the eight hallmarks of science cannot be achieved in full . The deduction and induction processes are explained as follows Deduction: it is the process of arriving at a reasoned conclusion by logical generalization of a known fact. Induction is the process where a certain phenomenon is observed and then a conclusion is arrived at. The seven step processes in hypothetico-deductive method are 1. Observation: It is the very first stage in which one senses that certain changes are occurring or some new behaviors , attitudes and feelings are surfacing. When the observed phenomenon are seen to have potentially important consequences , then one will proceed to preliminary information gathering. 2. Preliminary information gathering: Preliminary information gathering involves seeking of information in depth of what is observed. Through interviews and library search , the mass of information can be gathered. . Theory formulation: It is a step which attempts to integrate all information in a logical manner so that the factors responsible for the problem can be conceptualized and tested. The theoretical framework formulated is often guided by experience and intuition. Here the critical variables are examined as to their contribution or influence in explaining why the problem occurs and how it can be solved. 4. Hypothesizi ng: From the theorized network of associations among the variables, certain testable hypotheses or educated conjectures can be generated. The hypothesis thus generated is tested to determine of the statement is supported. 5. Further scientific data collection- After the development of the hypothesis, data with respect to each variable in the hypothesis need to be obtained. 6. Data analysis- The data gathered are statistically analyzed to see if the hypotheses that were generated have been supported. 7. Deduction – It is a process of arriving at conclusions by interpreting the meaning of the results of the data analysis.

Most Influential Books on Leadership Essay

Leadership is an issue which has been in the limelight in every aspect of human governance. Human development has been linked with management and directions which are part of leadership. Various characteristics of leadership have therefore been identified from various areas in life. This paper aims at identifying three different types of books on leadership which are recognized to be the most influential. The first choice is the book â€Å"Talent Is Never Enough: Discover the Choices That Will Take You beyond Your Talent† by John C. Maxwell . The author holds that talent is never enough in leadership. There are many different people in the whole world , thus showing that talent will never end. Nevertheless if acquiring that talent were just enough for everybody, then we would all be at a higher level and being full of potentials. There are therefore other things that need to be included in our talents so as to be able to discover those opportunities especially when it comes to business. People need to come up with other discoveries which would take them more steps beyond the talents they have. In businesses today, most leaders mostly concentrate more on the talents they have alone. The writer of this book, who in this case is a known expert in leadership – John C. Maxwell – argues that this is not the right way to achieving success. In his discourse, he describes how highly talented people who are globally known would be very successful if talent was the only contingency for that matter . That is not however the case. The book goes on to place more emphasis and support the writer’s decision by highlighting the fact that society is full of people who could have been great men and women if only they used other ideas apart from what they call talent. The author talks of prominent people like Jefferson, Nameth, Churchill, Bono, Oprah, and Dickens whom, apart from their talents, went steps ahead to the next level of increasing their talents and maximizing it to improve the world. They employed more efforts to what they discovered as their talent to capture other opportunities in life. That is why they are the talk of the world. According to Max, talent should therefore be present. It should however be followed by other measures that improve it. With different examples given of those people who maximized their talents, there are a few who did not. The author thus goes ahead to encourage the reader to support the author’s views and improve their lives by giving thirteen key choices one can adopt to become a person with advanced and maximized talent (Maxwell J. C(2009). The second selection of the most influential leadership books that I would recommend is â€Å"The Skinny of the Art of Persuasion† by Jim Randel. In leadership, persuasion is one of the most important skills that a leader should posses. This book provides sound and detailed information on persuasion in leadership. Moreover, it offers other important recommendations on persuasion from various prominent leaders. The book advices on persuasion thanks to the fact that the author is an attorney besides being well experienced in the field. Further, apart from his experience Randel quotes people like Kevin Hogan, James Speakman, Dave Lakhani, Dale Carnegie, Robert Cialdini, Tom Hopkins, Malcolm Gladwell, and others in his discussion on persuasion in leadership. This approach puts more emphasis on the author’s concept. He states that persuasion basically involves integrity. To add to his topic, Randell gives his personal life stories regarding leadership which still bothers him till then. To understand and get acquainted with what he is insinuating, his book finalizes with tips which are easy to understand about a good persuader in leadership (Alegre M. 2010). The third influential book on leadership is John Ferling’s new book on â€Å"The Ascent of George Washington. † It talks about the relationship between leadership and education. It is very important -especially in the current world – to link leadership with the educational backgrounds of those aspiring to be leaders in future. George Washington was an educated man in leadership. He had focus in his politics due to the great boost from his education. This is an ideal model of how leaders should learn to lead others. The author in this book goes ahead to reveal Washington as a political genius due to the fact that he was politically focused, ambitious, and was driven to succeed. Although described by the author as the most untactful and indecisive in times of crises, Washington was the only right person to lead Americans to independence. His character, boldness, judgment, industriousness, determination, and skillful political thinking were remarkable. It is a book that explains how one does not need to be perfect to achieve greatness (Alegre M. 010). Therefore, these books cover some of the most important aspects of leadership which most people fail to identify while leading others. Since most of us are leaders in one way or another, it is equally important to consider reviewing such influential leadership books to acquire various tips of leadership and also – as stated by Maxwell – to improve our talents in leadership. This strategy will not only boost our leadership qualities, but will also enable us to identify new opportunities in life and be able to pursue only the best of them.